What is venture capital and how does it differ from other forms of equity procurement? The answer lies in an understanding of the relationship of risk and return in investing.
One of the key principles of investment is that the greater the risk, the greater the potential for high rate of return. This might be called the "no guts, no glory" theory. If you are looking for a very safe and secure investment, there are plenty to be found, but you can be reasonably sure that your rate of return will be low. These low return, but safe investments are designed for long term investment. Even a small rate of return will have some accumulated value far into the future. If you are looking to really make money on your investment, you must be willing to take risks. What is venture capital? It is capital that is invested in high risk, but potentially high return ventures.
Venture capital is considered a private equity source. This means that it is not made available by normal lending institutions such as banks. Rather it is equity, most often in the form of cash, that is made available to finance the start up of companies that have an innovative idea, but lack the capital and do not qualify for debt type of financing. In most cases, the venture capital is exchanged for an ownership interest in the new company. This is most commonly in the form of stock ownership.
The disadvantages of using venture capital as opposed to normal debt financing for start up costs include the fact that some ownership rights are given up and the cost of repayment is very high. The advantage of venture capital is that it is often the only way to launch the business. It is pretty much a safe assumption that if the people starting the high risk business were able to secure financing through normal channels at lower cost and without surrendering any ownership control, they would do so.
This explains why venture capital is used so often in companies introducing new technology. Software companies and the now infamous "dot com" companies were good examples of firms that sought venture capital. Their main assets were ideas rather than tangible and solid items that were more likely to act as collateral in the eyes of a banker. Yet, it is in emerging technology that the opportunities for tremendous profit lie and this is what attracts the private investor to venture capital.
In some cases, groups of individuals join together to create venture capital funds. The idea remains the same. The venture capital fund acts only as an entity to handle the investments of the group. Some venture capital funds make investments on behalf of third party investors, but the definition of venture capital remains unchanged. Venture capital is not restricted to start up either. In some cases, it is used for research projects or expansion of an existing company. Once again, these alternative uses do not alter the basic definition of venture capital. It is a private source of funding for high risk companies offering potentially large returns if successful.
